1. 1
   A gardener notices that a potted plant on his balcony wilts much faster on a hot, windy afternoon than on a calm, humid morning.

   (a)

   Which tissue is mainly responsible for transporting water up the plant to replace water lost from the leaves?

   [1 mark]

   • APhloem
   • BXylem
   • CEpidermis
   • DPalisade tissue

   (b)

   Which effect does increased wind speed have on the rate of transpiration from the plant's leaves?

   [1 mark]

   • AIt increases the rate of transpiration
   • BIt decreases the rate of transpiration
   • CIt has no effect on transpiration
   • DIt stops transpiration completely

   (c)

   Explain why the plant wilts faster on the hot, windy afternoon than on the calm, humid morning.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 1: 4 marks

2. 2
   A child recovers from measles and is later given the measles vaccine to provide long-term protection against future infection.

   (a)

   Which type of white blood cell produces antibodies specific to the measles pathogen?

   [1 mark]

   • APhagocyte
   • BPlatelet
   • CLymphocyte
   • DRed blood cell

   (b)

   Which type of white blood cell defends the body by directly ingesting pathogens?

   [1 mark]

   • ALymphocyte
   • BPlasma cell
   • CPlatelet
   • DPhagocyte

   (c)

   Explain how the measles vaccine given to the child provides long-term protection against future infection.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 2: 4 marks

3. 3
   While preparing dinner, a person cuts her finger with a kitchen knife. The bleeding stops within a few minutes without further treatment.

   (a)

   Describe how platelets help to stop the bleeding and protect the wound from infection.

   [3 marks]

   (b)

   Explain how the structure of red blood cells adapts them for the efficient transport of oxygen around her body.

   [4 marks]

   Total for question 3: 7 marks

4. 4
   A cardiologist is assessing a middle-aged patient at risk of coronary heart disease due to a poor diet, smoking and a lack of exercise, and explains to him how blood is transported around the body.

   (a)

   Explain how the structures of arteries, veins and capillaries relate to their functions.

   [6 marks]

   (b)

   Explain how the structure of the heart allows it to pump blood around the body, how factors such as exercise and adrenaline affect heart rate, and how the patient's lifestyle factors could increase his risk of coronary heart disease.

   [6 marks]

   Total for question 4: 12 marks

End of questions