1. 1
   A student tests samples of methanol, ethanol and propanol to investigate their reactions with water and with sodium metal.

   (a)

   Which functional group is present in all alcohols, including methanol, ethanol and propanol?

   [1 mark]

   • A−OH
   • B−COOH
   • CC=C
   • D−COO−

   (b)

   Which gas is produced when an alcohol such as ethanol reacts with sodium?

   [1 mark]

   • AOxygen
   • BHydrogen
   • CCarbon dioxide
   • DNitrogen

   (c)

   Describe what happens when ethanol dissolves in water.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 1: 4 marks

2. 2
   A small winery produces ethanol during fermentation, and some of it becomes oxidised over time, changing the flavour of the product.

   (a)

   When ethanol is oxidised, which type of compound is formed?

   [1 mark]

   • AAn alkene
   • BAn alkane
   • CA carboxylic acid
   • DA polymer

   (b)

   Which of these can bring about the oxidation of ethanol to ethanoic acid?

   [1 mark]

   • APassing the ethanol over a hot metal catalyst with no oxidising agent present
   • BFreezing the ethanol solid
   • CAdding sodium chloride only
   • DA chemical oxidising agent, or microbial action

   (c)

   Name the main acid found in vinegar and state how it can form from ethanol.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 2: 4 marks

3. 3
   A chemistry class investigates the properties of the alcohols methanol, ethanol and propanol, and considers how ethanol can change over time when exposed to air or microbes.

   (a)

   Describe the properties of alcohols such as methanol, ethanol and propanol, and state one use of ethanol based on these properties.

   [3 marks]

   (b)

   Explain the two ways in which ethanol can be oxidised to ethanoic acid, and explain the relevance of this process to the production of vinegar.

   [4 marks]

   Total for question 3: 7 marks

4. 4
   A food and drink company is investigating the chemistry of ethanol, both as an ingredient in alcoholic drinks and as a raw material that can change into other useful substances over time.

   (a)

   Describe, in detail, the properties of the alcohols methanol, ethanol and propanol, and explain how these properties make ethanol suitable for use as a fuel and as a solvent.

   [6 marks]

   (b)

   Explain, in detail, how ethanol can be oxidised to form ethanoic acid, and discuss the significance of this process for producing vinegar.

   [6 marks]

   Total for question 4: 12 marks

End of questions