C1.2 Cell respirationIB Biology HL: Flashcards
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What happens to energy when ATP is hydrolysed and when it is synthesised?
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- What happens to energy when ATP is hydrolysed and when it is synthesised?
- Hydrolysis to ADP + phosphate releases energy; synthesis requires energy from respiration.
- Aerobic vs anaerobic respiration in humans: products?
- Aerobic: CO₂ and water. Anaerobic: lactate.
- HL: What is oxidation in terms of electrons and hydrogen?
- Loss of electrons; removing hydrogen (dehydrogenation) oxidises a substrate.
- HL: What is reduced NAD?
- NAD that has accepted hydrogen; it carries hydrogen and electrons.
- HL: Four stages of glycolysis?
- Phosphorylation, lysis, oxidation, ATP formation.
- HL: Net yield of glycolysis per glucose?
- 2 ATP, 2 reduced NAD, 2 pyruvate.
- HL: Why is pyruvate converted to lactate or ethanol without oxygen?
- To regenerate NAD so glycolysis can continue.
- HL: Products of anaerobic respiration in yeast and uses?
- Ethanol and CO₂; CO₂ raises bread, ethanol is the product in brewing.
- HL: What happens in the link reaction?
- Pyruvate is oxidised and decarboxylated to an acetyl group, carried by coenzyme A.
- HL: Name the 4C and 6C intermediates of the Krebs cycle.
- Oxaloacetate (4C) and citrate (6C).
- HL: Krebs cycle per turn: how many decarboxylations and oxidations?
- Two decarboxylations and four oxidations.
- HL: How is the proton gradient used to make ATP?
- Protons flow back through ATP synthase, which phosphorylates ADP (chemiosmosis).
- HL: Role of oxygen in aerobic respiration?
- Terminal electron acceptor; combines with electrons and protons to form water.
- HL: Why do lipids yield more energy per gram than carbohydrates?
- Less oxygen and more oxidisable hydrogen and carbon.