IB›IB Biology HL›Mind mapsB1.1 Carbohydrates and lipidsIB Biology HL: Mind mapStudy pack PDFAlso for this subtopic:Revision notesFlashcardsSubtopic testCover factsCarbon and joiningCarbon forms up to four covalent bondsChains, branches and rings give diversityCondensation joins monomers, releases waterHydrolysis splits polymers, uses waterCondensation: water out; hydrolysis: water inMonosaccharidesPentoses have 5 C: ribose, deoxyriboseHexoses have 6 C: glucose, galactose, fructoseGlucose is soluble and transportableChemically stable; yields energy in respirationPolysaccharidesStarch (plants), glycogen (animals): α-glucoseCompact and insoluble: no osmotic effectBranching gives many ends to add or remove unitsCellulose: β-glucose, straight chainsHydrogen bonds cross-link into strong fibresCarbs and lipidsenergy and structureCHOGlycoproteinsProtein with carbohydrate chain on membrane surfaceUsed in cell–cell recognitionABO antigens on red blood cellsMismatched blood causes agglutinationLipidsTriglyceride: glycerol + three fatty acidsPhospholipid: glycerol + two fatty acids + phosphateCis double bonds kink chains: lower melting pointFat stores about 2× the energy per gram of carbohydrateAdipose tissue also gives insulationPhospholipids form a bilayer; steroids cross itExam tipsStarch and glycogen are α; cellulose is βSteroids have four fused rings and are non-polar