IB›IB Chemistry SL›Mind mapsS3.2 Functional groups: Classification of organic compoundsIB Chemistry SL: Mind mapStudy pack PDFAlso for this subtopic:Revision notesFlashcardsSubtopic testCover factsFormulasEmpirical: simplest whole-number ratioMolecular: actual atom numbersCondensed: each carbon with its atomsSkeletal: zig-zag, C and H on C omittedGroupsHydroxyl –OH, carboxyl –COOHCarbonyl C=O: aldehyde –CHO, ketoneEster –COO–, amido –CONH–Amino –NH₂, halogeno –X, phenylSeriesSame group, members differ by CH₂Alkanes CXnHX2n+2\ce{C_nH_{2n+2}}CXnHX2n+2, alkenes CXnHX2n\ce{C_nH_{2n}}CXnHX2nBoiling point rises with chain lengthBranching lowers boiling point–OH boils higher: hydrogen bondingFunctional groupsorganic classification–OHC=O–COOH–NH₂NamingLongest chain: meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hexSuffixes: -ane, -ene, -ol, -al, -one, -oic acidHalogens are prefixes, e.g. chloro-Number for the lowest locantCHX3COCHX3\ce{CH3COCH3}CHX3COCHX3 is propanoneIsomersSame molecular formula, different connectivityChain: butan-1-ol and 2-methylpropan-1-olPosition: butan-1-ol and butan-2-olFunctional group: acid and ester, aldehyde and ketoneExam tipsCarboxyl has O–H; ester does notAldehyde carbon is always carbon 1: propanalWrite propanal, not propan-1-al