GCSE›AQA GCSE Biology›Mind mapsThe Immune System and VaccinationAQA GCSE Biology: Mind mapStudy pack PDFAlso for this subtopic:Revision notesFlashcardsSubtopic testCover factsFirst defencesSkin is a barrier and secretes antimicrobialsNose hairs and mucus trap pathogensTrachea and bronchi: cilia and mucusStomach acid kills swallowed pathogensImmune responsePhagocytosis: white cells engulf pathogensAntibodies are specific to the pathogen's antigensAntitoxins neutralise toxinsVaccinationDead or inactive pathogen injectedTriggers antibody production without diseaseLater infection: fast response, illness preventedHigh coverage reduces spreadImmunitydefence and vaccinesMonoclonal antibodiesIdentical antibodies from a single cloneMouse lymphocytes fused with tumour cellsFusion makes hybridoma cells that divide rapidlyEach binds one antigen onlyUsesPregnancy tests detect a specific hormoneDetect pathogens and measure hormonesResearch: fluorescent dye locates moleculesCarry drugs directly to cancer cellsExam tipsSecond exposure is faster: white cells respond quicklyName the defence and say how it worksHybridoma = lymphocyte plus tumour cell