GCSE›Edexcel GCSE Biology›Mind mapsGenetic ModificationEdexcel GCSE Biology: Mind mapStudy pack PDFAlso for this subtopic:Revision notesFlashcardsSubtopic testCover factsSelective breedingHumans choose parents with desired traitsRepeated over many generationsGives higher yield, disease resistance, docile animalsTissue cultureSmall groups of cells in nutrient and hormone mediumNeeds sterile conditionsMakes clones: rapid, disease-free, year-roundGenetic engineeringRestriction enzymes cut out the geneCut leaves sticky endsGene inserted into a vector, such as a plasmidLigase joins the sticky endsVector carries gene into the target organismGenetic mod.breeding and engineeringGM cropsBt gene from Bacillus thuringiensisGives insect resistancePlus: higher yield, pest resistanceMinus: gene spread to wild plants, biodiversity lossOther methodsFertilisers boost yield but risk eutrophicationBiological control uses natural predatorsBiological control can add new pestsGM bacteria make insulinExam tipsSelective breeding is human choice, not natural selectionUse all four engineering terms in orderEvaluate: both sides plus a judgement