Genetic ModificationEdexcel GCSE Biology: Flashcards
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What is selective breeding?
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- What is selective breeding?
- Choosing organisms with desired traits and breeding over generations.
- Two impacts on domesticated animals?
- Higher milk/meat yield, docile temperament.
- Define tissue culture.
- Growing cells/plants from a tissue sample in sterile nutrient medium.
- Advantage of tissue culture?
- Produces many identical disease-free plants quickly, year-round.
- Define genetic engineering.
- Modifying an organism's genome by introducing a gene from another organism.
- Role of restriction enzymes?
- Cut DNA at specific sequences, producing sticky ends.
- What is a sticky end?
- Unpaired complementary base sequence at a cut DNA end.
- Role of ligase?
- Joins sticky ends together, sealing the gene into the vector.
- What is a vector?
- A carrier (plasmid/virus) transferring a gene into a target organism.
- How is Bt used in GM crops?
- Bt gene inserted gives crops their own insecticidal toxin (insect resistance).
- Disadvantage of GM crops?
- Risk of gene spreading to wild populations via cross-pollination.
- Define biological control.
- Using a natural predator/parasite to control a pest population.
- Risk of fertiliser use?
- Leaching into waterways causing eutrophication.
- Medical use of genetic engineering?
- Producing human insulin from GM bacteria.
- Ethical concern about genetic engineering?
- Moral/religious objections or unknown long-term effects.