1. 1
   In 1830, engineers testing an early steam locomotive on the Liverpool and Manchester Railway record how far the train travels along a straight, flat section of track over a measured time.

   (a)

   Which of the following best describes the quantity 'distance'?

   [1 mark]

   • Aa vector quantity with magnitude and direction
   • Ba scalar quantity with magnitude only
   • Ca vector quantity with direction only
   • Da scalar quantity with direction only

   (b)

   Which of the following is closest to a typical human walking speed?

   [1 mark]

   • A1.5 m/s
   • B15 m/s
   • C330 m/s
   • D0.15 m/s

   (c)

   The locomotive travels 3000 m along the straight track in 150 s. Calculate its average speed.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 1: 4 marks

2. 2
   A runner completes a training session in a park. For the first 300 s she jogs steadily, covering 600 m. She then stops to stretch for 60 s. She then sprints the final 200 m in 20 s.

   (a)

   On a distance-time graph of her run, what does the gradient of the line represent at any point?

   [1 mark]

   • Aacceleration
   • Bdisplacement
   • Cspeed
   • Dtime

   (b)

   During the 60 s stretch break, what would the runner's section of a distance-time graph look like?

   [1 mark]

   • Aa straight line sloping upward
   • Ba vertical line
   • Ca curve sloping downward
   • Da horizontal (flat) line

   (c)

   Calculate the runner's speed during her final sprint.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 2: 4 marks

3. 3
   A research team tracks a migrating arctic tern flying a straight-line route over the ocean between two feeding grounds.

   (a)

   The tern flies 450 km directly north from feeding ground A to feeding ground B, taking 15 hours. Explain the difference between the bird's average speed and its velocity for this journey, and calculate its average speed in km/h.

   [3 marks]

   (b)

   On the return leg, strong winds blow the tern off a straight path, so it actually travels 500 km of flight path to get back to feeding ground A, which is 450 km from B in a straight line, taking 20 hours. Calculate the bird's average speed and its average velocity for the return journey, explaining the difference between your two answers.

   [4 marks]

   Total for question 3: 7 marks

4. 4
   A sports scientist records a sprinter's distance-time graph during a 100 m race, then analyses whether the sprinter is running at constant speed after the initial phase by drawing a tangent to the curve.

   (a)

   The curve rises steeply at first, then becomes progressively less steep after the initial acceleration phase. Explain how the scientist could determine, from the graph, whether the sprinter's speed is constant, increasing, or decreasing at various points during the race, including how a tangent may be used to find the sprinter's speed at one specific instant on a curved section of the graph.

   [6 marks]

   (b)

   The sprinter covers the first 20 m in 2.5 s from a standing start, then covers the remaining 80 m of the race at what the graph shows to be a constant gradient, finishing the full 100 m in 11.5 s. Calculate the sprinter's average speed for the whole race and her speed during the final constant-gradient section, and evaluate which of these two values better represents her performance during the most important part of a sprint race.

   [6 marks]

   Total for question 4: 12 marks

End of questions