1. 1
   A haulage company tests its lorries' braking systems on a private test track, measuring the total stopping distance for lorries travelling at different speeds.

   (a)

   Stopping distance is the sum of which two distances?

   [1 mark]

   • Athinking distance and braking distance
   • Bbraking distance and speed
   • Cthinking distance and speed
   • Dreaction time and braking distance

   (b)

   For a given braking force, what happens to a lorry's stopping distance as its speed increases?

   [1 mark]

   • Ait decreases
   • Bit stays the same
   • Cit increases
   • Dit becomes zero

   (c)

   A lorry travelling at 20 m/s has a thinking distance of 12 m and a braking distance of 40 m. Calculate its total stopping distance.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 1: 4 marks

2. 2
   A driver is travelling along a residential street when a child suddenly runs into the road chasing a ball, and the driver must react and brake.

   (a)

   Which of the following would increase the driver's reaction time?

   [1 mark]

   • Abeing well rested
   • Bbeing distracted by a phone call
   • Cdriving on a dry road
   • Dhaving good tyres

   (b)

   Typical human reaction times fall within which range?

   [1 mark]

   • A0.02 s to 0.09 s
   • B20 s to 90 s
   • C2 s to 9 s
   • D0.2 s to 0.9 s

   (c)

   The driver is travelling at 13 m/s and her reaction time is 0.6 s. Calculate her thinking distance.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 2: 4 marks

3. 3
   A road safety campaign investigates how wet, icy conditions increase stopping distances during winter months, to warn drivers.

   (a)

   Explain why braking distance increases in wet or icy weather conditions compared with dry conditions.

   [3 marks]

   (b)

   Explain two other factors, besides weather conditions, that could increase a vehicle's braking distance, and explain how each one has this effect.

   [4 marks]

   Total for question 3: 7 marks

4. 4
   The UK Highway Code publishes stopping distance charts based on research into typical reaction times and braking performance, and road safety engineers use this data to design speed limits near schools and evaluate the introduction of anti-lock braking systems (ABS) in modern cars.

   (a)

   Explain how thinking distance and braking distance each depend on a vehicle's speed, and explain why doubling a car's speed causes its stopping distance to increase by more than double.

   [6 marks]

   (b)

   Anti-lock braking systems (ABS) automatically prevent a car's wheels from locking and skidding during hard braking. Evaluate how ABS could reduce a car's braking distance and improve safety, and discuss one limitation of relying on stopping distance charts (based on average reaction times and dry road conditions) when assessing real-world road safety.

   [6 marks]

   Total for question 4: 12 marks

End of questions