What is a chromosome in a eukaryotic nucleus?

A structure of linear DNA bound to protein.

What is the function of the nucleolus?

It makes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes.

What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?

It controls the entry and exit of substances.

What happens in mitochondria?

Aerobic respiration, releasing energy to make ATP.

What happens in chloroplasts?

Photosynthesis; they are found in plants and algae.

What does rough ER do?

Folds and transports proteins made on its attached ribosomes.

What does smooth ER do?

Synthesises and processes lipids.

What does the Golgi apparatus do?

Modifies proteins and packages them into Golgi vesicles.

A membrane-bound organelle that releases hydrolytic enzymes.

Why are hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in lysosomes?

So they do not digest the rest of the cell.

What is the function of the plant cell vacuole?

Contains cell sap and helps to support the cell by pressing on the cell wall.

How are specialised cells organised in a multicellular organism?

Cells form tissues, tissues form organs and organs form organ systems.

Structure of eukaryotic cellsAQA A-Level Biology: Flashcards

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State the cell theory.

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State the cell theory.: All organisms are made of cells, the cell is the basic unit of life, and new cells arise from existing cells.
What is a chromosome in a eukaryotic nucleus?: A structure of linear DNA bound to protein.
What is the function of the nucleolus?: It makes ribosomal RNA and assembles ribosomes.
What is the function of the cell-surface membrane?: It controls the entry and exit of substances.
What happens in mitochondria?: Aerobic respiration, releasing energy to make ATP.
What happens in chloroplasts?: Photosynthesis; they are found in plants and algae.
What is the function of ribosomes?: Site of protein synthesis.
What does rough ER do?: Folds and transports proteins made on its attached ribosomes.
What does smooth ER do?: Synthesises and processes lipids.
What does the Golgi apparatus do?: Modifies proteins and packages them into Golgi vesicles.
What is a lysosome?: A membrane-bound organelle that releases hydrolytic enzymes.
Why are hydrolytic enzymes enclosed in lysosomes?: So they do not digest the rest of the cell.
In which organisms is a cell wall found?: Plants, algae and fungi.
What is the function of the plant cell vacuole?: Contains cell sap and helps to support the cell by pressing on the cell wall.
How are specialised cells organised in a multicellular organism?: Cells form tissues, tissues form organs and organs form organ systems.

Exam questions on Structure of eukaryotic cells

A phagocyte is a white blood cell that engulfs bacteria and digests them using hydrolytic enzymes. The enzymes are proteins that the cell makes itself.
Suggest why the hydrolytic enzymes of the phagocyte are enclosed inside lysosomes, rather than free in the cytoplasm.2 marks
Chlorella is a single-celled green alga that lives in freshwater ponds. Its cells have a cell wall, a chloroplast, a nucleus and a cell vacuole, and are surrounded by dilute pond water.
Water tends to enter Chlorella cells from the dilute pond water, but the cells do not burst. Explain why.2 marks
The liver is an organ of the digestive system. Its main cells, hepatocytes, have a high metabolic rate and carry out many functions, including the synthesis of lipids. Under the electron microscope hepatocytes show many mitochondria and a large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum.
Explain how the large number of mitochondria and the large amount of smooth endoplasmic reticulum adapt the hepatocyte to its functions.3 marks

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Written by the Exaim team, led by Shaun Daswani (Head of Upper Secondary, Improve ME Institute; MSc Financial Mathematics, Imperial College London; BSc, UCL) and Jason Daswani (operational lead, Improve ME Institute; LSE).