1. 1
   A cardiologist is reviewing a scan of a patient's heart during a routine health checkup and explaining how blood flows through its chambers.

   (a)

   Which chamber of the heart pumps oxygenated blood out to the rest of the body?

   [1 mark]

   • ALeft atrium
   • BLeft ventricle
   • CRight atrium
   • DRight ventricle

   (b)

   Which type of valve prevents blood flowing backwards from the ventricles into the atria?

   [1 mark]

   • ASemilunar valves
   • BIleocaecal valve
   • CPyloric valve
   • DAtrioventricular valves

   (c)

   Explain why the wall of the left ventricle is thicker than the wall of the right ventricle.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 1: 4 marks

2. 2
   A phlebotomist at a blood donation centre is explaining to a first-time donor what happens to the blood sample once it has been collected.

   (a)

   Which component of the blood is mainly responsible for transporting oxygen?

   [1 mark]

   • APlatelets
   • BWhite blood cells
   • CRed blood cells
   • DPlasma

   (b)

   Which component of the blood is mainly involved in clotting?

   [1 mark]

   • APlatelets
   • BRed blood cells
   • CPlasma
   • DWhite blood cells

   (c)

   Describe how red blood cells are adapted to transport oxygen efficiently.

   [2 marks]

   Total for question 2: 4 marks

3. 3
   A patient has just been diagnosed with coronary heart disease and is meeting a doctor to discuss the causes of the condition and the treatment options available.

   (a)

   Describe what happens in coronary heart disease and give three risk factors that increase a person's chance of developing it.

   [3 marks]

   (b)

   Describe four treatments that can be used for coronary heart disease.

   [4 marks]

   Total for question 3: 7 marks

4. 4
   A biology lecturer is introducing a group of trainee nurses to the structure of the circulatory system before they begin their hospital placements.

   (a)

   Explain the double circulatory system in humans, describing the pulmonary and systemic circulations and the path blood takes through the chambers of the heart and major blood vessels.

   [6 marks]

   (b)

   Describe the structure of arteries, veins and capillaries, and explain how each structure relates to its function.

   [6 marks]

   Total for question 4: 12 marks

End of questions