8.1 Human populationsIB Environmental Systems and Societies SL: Flashcards
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Question
Name the two inputs to a human population.
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- Name the two inputs to a human population.
- Births and immigration.
- Name the two outputs from a human population.
- Deaths and emigration.
- Define total fertility rate (TFR).
- The average number of children a woman would have in her lifetime at current age-specific birth rates.
- What TFR is about replacement level?
- About 2.1 children per woman.
- How is natural increase calculated?
- Birth rate minus death rate (per 1000, divide by 10 for %). Migration is excluded.
- State the rule of 70.
- Doubling time in years ≈ 70 ÷ annual growth rate (%).
- Define life expectancy.
- The average number of years a newborn is expected to live.
- How did the global population change between 1960 and late 2022?
- It rose from about 3 billion to 8 billion, following a rapid growth curve.
- Give one example of a direct population policy.
- China's one-child policy (1979–2015), or immigration quotas, or pronatalist baby bonuses.
- Give two indirect ways to reduce population growth.
- Girls' education and access to family planning (also healthcare, women's employment, pensions).
- What does an age-sex pyramid with a narrow base indicate?
- Low fertility, so a declining or ageing population.
- What happens in stage 2 of the DTM?
- The death rate falls while the birth rate stays high, so population growth is rapid.
- Why does the birth rate fall in stage 3 of the DTM?
- Education of women, contraception, urbanisation and the cost of children.
Written by the Exaim team, led by Shaun Daswani (Head of Upper Secondary, Improve ME Institute; MSc Financial Mathematics, Imperial College London; BSc, UCL) and Jason Daswani (operational lead, Improve ME Institute; LSE).