4.1 Water systemsIB Environmental Systems and Societies SL: Flashcards
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Question
Which two factors drive movements of water in the hydrosphere?
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- Which two factors drive movements of water in the hydrosphere?
- Solar radiation (energy) and gravity.
- What is a store in the hydrological cycle?
- A place where water is held, such as the oceans, glaciers, groundwater, surface freshwater, atmosphere or organisms.
- What percentage of the Earth's water is in the oceans?
- 96.5%.
- Name the stores holding 1.7% each.
- Glaciers and ice caps, and groundwater.
- What percentage of water is surface freshwater, in the atmosphere, and in organisms?
- Surface freshwater 0.02%, atmosphere 0.001%, organisms 0.0001%.
- Define sublimation.
- Change of ice or snow directly into water vapour, without becoming liquid.
- Define transpiration.
- Loss of water vapour from plants, mainly through the stomata of leaves.
- Difference between infiltration and percolation?
- Infiltration is water entering the soil from the surface; percolation is its downward movement through soil and rock.
- What is advection?
- The horizontal movement of air carrying water vapour.
- How does deforestation change the water cycle?
- Less interception and transpiration, less infiltration, more surface run-off, more erosion and flooding, lower groundwater recharge.
- How does urbanization change flows?
- Impermeable surfaces and drains reduce infiltration and send water quickly to rivers, increasing flood peaks.
- How does agriculture change the water cycle?
- Irrigation abstracts water from rivers and aquifers; soil compaction can reduce infiltration.
- What is a steady state?
- A condition in which inputs equal outputs, so the size of the store stays constant.
- How is the steady state of a water body shown?
- With a flow diagram of inputs and outputs.
Written by the Exaim team, led by Shaun Daswani (Head of Upper Secondary, Improve ME Institute; MSc Financial Mathematics, Imperial College London; BSc, UCL) and Jason Daswani (operational lead, Improve ME Institute; LSE).