States of Matter & Thermal CapacityEdexcel GCSE Physics: Flashcards

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How are particles arranged and moving in a solid?

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How are particles arranged and moving in a solid?: Regularly arranged, closely packed, vibrating about fixed positions.
How are particles arranged and moving in a gas?: Randomly arranged, far apart, moving fast in random directions.
State the equation for density.: ρ = m ÷ V (density = mass ÷ volume).
Why are solids and liquids denser than gases?: Their particles are packed much more closely together.
Is mass conserved during melting, freezing, evaporating, boiling, condensing or subliming?: Yes, mass is always conserved in these physical changes.
Why are changes of state classed as physical rather than chemical changes?: The material recovers its original properties if the change is reversed, unlike most chemical changes.
Define specific heat capacity.: The energy required to raise the temperature of 1 kg of a substance by 1 °C.
State the equation for change in thermal energy using specific heat capacity.: ΔQ = m × c × Δθ.
Define specific latent heat.: The energy required to change the state of 1 kg of a substance without changing its temperature.
State the equation for thermal energy using specific latent heat.: Q = m × L.
What happens to temperature while a substance is melting or boiling?: It stays constant, even though energy continues to be absorbed.
On a temperature-time graph for melting ice, what does the flat section represent?: The period where ice is melting — energy is being absorbed as latent heat with no temperature change.
How much energy is needed to heat 3 kg of water (c = 4200 J/kg°C) by 5 °C?: ΔQ = m×c×Δθ = 3×4200×5 = 63 000 J.