8.2 Urban systems and urban planningIB Environmental Systems and Societies HL: Flashcards
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Define urban area.
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- Define urban area.
- A built-up area with high population density, buildings and infrastructure.
- How would you find the urban population from percentage data?
- Total population × urban percentage ÷ 100.
- What is an urban ecosystem?
- Parks, gardens, rivers and other green or blue spaces in an urban area, with their organisms.
- Define urbanisation and suburbanisation.
- Urbanisation: shift from rural to urban areas. Suburbanisation: movement from dense centres to lower-density peripheries.
- What is ecological urban planning?
- A holistic approach treating the urban system as an ecosystem, considering biotic and abiotic components and their relationships.
- What is urban compactness?
- Dense development in a smaller area, reducing travel and land use and supporting public transport.
- What is mixed land use?
- Housing, workplaces, shops and services located close together, reducing travel.
- What is social mix practice?
- People of different ethnic, income or age groups living in the same neighbourhoods.
- Contrast linear and circular economies.
- Linear: extract, make, use, discard. Circular: reuse, repair and recycle to keep resources in use.
- What are the two rings of the doughnut model?
- Social foundation (inner ring) and ecological ceiling (outer ring).
- Give an example of a city using the circular economy and doughnut model.
- Amsterdam: doughnut adopted in 2020, aims for a fully circular economy by 2050.
- What is green architecture?
- Construction that minimises harm to human health and the environment, safeguarding air, water and earth, using friendly materials and practices.
- Give an example of green architecture.
- Bosco Verticale in Milan (trees and shrubs on residential towers).
- Give a limitation of green architecture.
- Higher cost, specialist maintenance and embodied emissions from construction.
Written by the Exaim team, led by Shaun Daswani (Head of Upper Secondary, Improve ME Institute; MSc Financial Mathematics, Imperial College London; BSc, UCL) and Jason Daswani (operational lead, Improve ME Institute; LSE).