Where are egg cells stored and which hormones are made there?

The ovaries; they make oestrogen and progesterone.

What is fertilisation?

The fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus to form a zygote.

What is implantation?

The embryo sinking into the lining of the uterus.

What is gestation and how long does it last in humans?

The time from fertilisation to birth; about 40 weeks.

What is the function of the placenta?

To pass oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and remove carbon dioxide and urea, without the two blood supplies mixing.

Name three harmful substances that can cross the placenta.

Nicotine, carbon monoxide and alcohol (also some viruses).

What does amniotic fluid do?

It cushions the fetus against knocks.

Which hormone causes puberty changes in boys?

Testosterone, made in the testes.

Which hormone causes puberty changes in girls?

Oestrogen, made in the ovaries.

What happens at about day 14 of the menstrual cycle?

Ovulation: an egg is released from an ovary.

What happens to the uterus lining if the egg is not fertilised?

It breaks down and leaves through the vagina (a period).

Human reproductionIB MYP Biology: Flashcards

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Which organs make sperm?

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Which organs make sperm?: The testes.
Which tube carries sperm from the testes?: The sperm duct.
Where are egg cells stored and which hormones are made there?: The ovaries; they make oestrogen and progesterone.
Where does fertilisation usually happen?: In the oviduct.
What is fertilisation?: The fusion of a sperm nucleus with an egg nucleus to form a zygote.
What is implantation?: The embryo sinking into the lining of the uterus.
What is gestation and how long does it last in humans?: The time from fertilisation to birth; about 40 weeks.
What is the function of the placenta?: To pass oxygen and nutrients to the fetus and remove carbon dioxide and urea, without the two blood supplies mixing.
Name three harmful substances that can cross the placenta.: Nicotine, carbon monoxide and alcohol (also some viruses).
What does amniotic fluid do?: It cushions the fetus against knocks.
Which hormone causes puberty changes in boys?: Testosterone, made in the testes.
Which hormone causes puberty changes in girls?: Oestrogen, made in the ovaries.
What happens at about day 14 of the menstrual cycle?: Ovulation: an egg is released from an ovary.
What happens to the uterus lining if the egg is not fertilised?: It breaks down and leaves through the vagina (a period).

Exam questions on Human reproduction

A health educator in Nairobi is running a workshop for Year 9 students on how the human reproductive systems work. She uses the terms testes, sperm duct, ovary, oviduct and uterus.
Outline two ways in which a sperm cell is adapted for its function.2 marks
At an antenatal class in Seoul, a midwife explains how a pregnancy develops over about nine months, from fertilisation through to birth. She pays particular attention to the placenta and to what a pregnant woman should avoid.
Explain why a pregnant woman is advised not to smoke or drink alcohol.2 marks
A school nurse in Lagos gives a talk to Year 8 students about puberty and the menstrual cycle. She explains that sex hormones, carried in the blood, cause the changes of puberty, and that a typical menstrual cycle lasts about 28 days, with day 1 being the first day of bleeding.
State the name of the main sex hormone in boys and describe two changes it causes at puberty.3 marks

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Written by the Exaim team, led by Shaun Daswani (Head of Upper Secondary, Improve ME Institute; MSc Financial Mathematics, Imperial College London; BSc, UCL) and Jason Daswani (operational lead, Improve ME Institute; LSE).