A property of a substance or process that has the potential to cause harm.

The likelihood that a hazard will cause harm in a particular situation, and how serious that harm would be.

Why is a risk assessment needed?

To identify hazards, assess the risk and decide on precautions before work begins.

Name three ways of reducing risk in organic practicals.

Work on a smaller scale; take precautions specific to the hazard; use an alternative method with less hazardous substances.

What is a functional group?

The atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.

What is a homologous series?

A family of compounds with the same functional group and general formula, each member differing from the next by CH₂.

Give the stems for 1 to 10 carbon atoms.

Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec.

How are substituent prefixes ordered in a name?

Alphabetically, with numbers showing positions from the end that gives the lowest numbers.

What is a displayed formula?

A formula showing all the atoms and all the bonds in the molecule.

What is a skeletal formula?

A formula showing the carbon skeleton as lines, with functional groups drawn; each corner and end is a carbon atom and the C–H bonds are omitted.

Which precaution suits a flammable liquid?

Keep it away from naked flames, using an electric heater or water bath.

Hazard, risk and organic nomenclatureEdexcel International A Level Chemistry: Flashcards

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Define hazard.

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Define hazard.: A property of a substance or process that has the potential to cause harm.
Define risk.: The likelihood that a hazard will cause harm in a particular situation, and how serious that harm would be.
Why is a risk assessment needed?: To identify hazards, assess the risk and decide on precautions before work begins.
Name three ways of reducing risk in organic practicals.: Work on a smaller scale; take precautions specific to the hazard; use an alternative method with less hazardous substances.
What is a functional group?: The atom or group of atoms responsible for the characteristic reactions of a compound.
What is a homologous series?: A family of compounds with the same functional group and general formula, each member differing from the next by CH₂.
Give the stems for 1 to 10 carbon atoms.: Meth, eth, prop, but, pent, hex, hept, oct, non, dec.
Name CH₃CH₂CH(CH₃)CH₃.: 2-methylbutane.
What suffix shows an alcohol, an aldehyde and a carboxylic acid?: -ol, -al and -oic acid.
How are substituent prefixes ordered in a name?: Alphabetically, with numbers showing positions from the end that gives the lowest numbers.
What is a displayed formula?: A formula showing all the atoms and all the bonds in the molecule.
What is a skeletal formula?: A formula showing the carbon skeleton as lines, with functional groups drawn; each corner and end is a carbon atom and the C–H bonds are omitted.
Which precaution suits a flammable liquid?: Keep it away from naked flames, using an electric heater or water bath.

Exam questions on Hazard, risk and organic nomenclature

A technician is preparing a class practical in which students burn small samples of ethanol and hexane in spirit burners to compare the temperature rise of 100 cm³ of water. Hexane is highly flammable and its vapour can form an explosive mixture with air; ethanol is also flammable.
Explain why a risk assessment should be carried out before the practical begins.2 marks
A stockroom list gives the structural formulae of four organic liquids: propan-1-ol, CH₃CH₂CH₂OH; butan-1-ol, CH₃CH₂CH₂CH₂OH; propanal, CH₃CH₂CHO; and propanoic acid, CH₃CH₂COOH.
Explain why propan-1-ol and butan-1-ol are members of the same homologous series.2 marks
A chemist is labelling unnamed bottles of organic compounds in a stockroom and must use IUPAC names and formulae, so that the compounds can be identified by anyone using the stockroom.
Give the IUPAC name of each of these compounds: (i) CH₃CH(CH₃)CH₂CH₃, (ii) CH₃CH₂CHBrCH₃, (iii) CH₃CH=CHCH₂CH₃.3 marks

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Written by the Exaim team, led by Shaun Daswani (Head of Upper Secondary, Improve ME Institute; MSc Financial Mathematics, Imperial College London; BSc, UCL) and Jason Daswani (operational lead, Improve ME Institute; LSE).