States of matter and the particle modelIB MYP Physics: Flashcards
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Describe the particles in a solid.
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- Describe the particles in a solid.
- Closely packed in a regular pattern, strong forces, vibrating about fixed positions.
- Describe the particles in a liquid.
- Close together in a random arrangement, weaker forces, sliding past each other.
- Describe the particles in a gas.
- Far apart, almost no forces, moving randomly at high speed.
- Why is a gas easy to compress?
- There is a lot of empty space between its particles.
- Why can a liquid flow?
- Its particles can slide past each other.
- What is melting?
- Solid changing to liquid.
- What is sublimation?
- A solid changing directly to a gas without becoming a liquid.
- What is the difference between evaporation and boiling?
- Evaporation is at the surface at any temperature below the boiling point. Boiling is throughout the liquid at the boiling point.
- What is condensation?
- Gas changing to liquid.
- Why does temperature stay constant during a change of state?
- The energy supplied is used to overcome forces between particles, not to increase their kinetic energy.
- What is Brownian motion?
- The random zigzag movement of visible specks caused by collisions with fast-moving invisible particles.
- What does Brownian motion show?
- That matter is made of tiny particles that are moving randomly.
- What is diffusion?
- The net movement of particles from a high concentration to a low concentration.
- Why does diffusion happen faster when it is warmer?
- The particles have more kinetic energy and move faster.
Exam questions on States of matter and the particle model
- Ice cubes are taken from a freezer and left in a glass in a hot kitchen in Dubai. The ice slowly changes to water, and later some of the water disappears from the glass.Describe how the arrangement and movement of the particles in the water differ from those in the ice.2 marks
- A student in Seoul looks at specks of smoke in a sealed glass cell under a microscope. The specks move in random zigzag paths. In another lesson, a teacher opens a bottle of perfume at the front of a still classroom, and after a minute students at the back can smell it.Explain why the perfume smell would reach the back of the room more quickly on a warmer day.2 marks
- A class in Cape Town heats crushed ice gently in a beaker. A thermometer is held in the beaker and the temperature is read every minute. The temperature rises steadily from -8 °C to 0 °C in 4 minutes, stays at 0 °C for 6 minutes while the ice melts, rises steadily to 100 °C over 10 minutes, and then stays at 100 °C while the water boils.Explain, using the particle model, why the temperature stays at 0 °C for 6 minutes even though the beaker is still being heated.3 marks
Written by the Exaim team, led by Shaun Daswani (Head of Upper Secondary, Improve ME Institute; MSc Financial Mathematics, Imperial College London; BSc, UCL) and Jason Daswani (operational lead, Improve ME Institute; LSE).