Cell StructureCambridge IGCSE Biology: Flashcards
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What is the function of the cell membrane?
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- What is the function of the cell membrane?
- Controls the movement of substances in and out of the cell; selectively permeable barrier between the cell and its environment.
- Name three structures found in plant cells but not in animal cells.
- Cell wall, chloroplasts, and large permanent vacuole.
- Define the term 'nucleus'.
- A membrane-bound organelle that contains the cell's genetic material (DNA) and controls the cell's activities.
- What is the function of mitochondria?
- Site of aerobic respiration; releases energy from glucose that is used by the cell.
- Describe the structure of a bacterial cell.
- Has a cell wall, cell membrane, cytoplasm, ribosomes, circular DNA (nucleoid), and plasmids. No membrane-bound nucleus or organelles.
- What is the function of chloroplasts?
- Site of photosynthesis; converts light energy into chemical energy (glucose) using carbon dioxide and water.
- Define the term 'ribosome' and state its function.
- A small organelle found in the cytoplasm that synthesises (makes) proteins by linking amino acids together.
- What is the function of the cell wall in plant cells?
- Provides structural support and rigidity to the cell; made of cellulose; prevents the cell from bursting when water enters.
- Define a 'plasmid'.
- A small, circular loop of DNA found in bacterial cells, separate from the main chromosomal DNA.
- What is the function of a large permanent vacuole in plant cells?
- Stores cell sap (water and dissolved substances); maintains turgor pressure to keep the cell rigid and the plant upright.
- Define the following terms: cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism.
- Cell: the smallest unit of life; Tissue: a group of similar cells working together; Organ: a structure made of different tissues working together; Organ system: a group of organs working together; Organism: a complete living thing.
- Describe the structure and function of a ciliated cell.
- Has cilia (hair-like structures) on its surface that beat to move mucus along airways in the respiratory system.
- Describe the structure and function of a palisade mesophyll cell.
- Tall, columnar cell packed with chloroplasts; found in the upper layer of leaves; specialised for photosynthesis.
- Describe the structure and function of a root hair cell.
- Has a long extension (root hair) that increases surface area; specialised to absorb water and mineral ions from the soil.
- Describe the structure and function of a red blood cell.
- Biconcave disc-shaped; contains haemoglobin; has no nucleus; specialised to transport oxygen around the body.
- Describe the structure and function of a neurone.
- Long, thin cell with a cell body, axon, and dendrites; specialised to conduct electrical impulses rapidly throughout the nervous system.