Plant StructureEdexcel GCSE Biology: Flashcards

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How is root hair cell adapted for water absorption?

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How is root hair cell adapted for water absorption?: Large vacuole maintains concentration gradient, speeding osmosis.
How is root hair cell adapted for ion absorption?: Many mitochondria provide energy for active transport of ions.
What increases root hair surface area?: A long thin extension into soil.
What are xylem cells made of and why?: Dead, hollow cells forming a continuous one-way tube.
Why is xylem lignified?: Strengthens the tube to withstand transpiration pressure.
Are phloem cells alive? Why does this matter?: Yes — companion cells need energy to actively load sucrose.
What is translocation?: Movement of dissolved sugars via phloem, in both directions.
Role of companion cells?: Provide energy (mitochondria) for active sucrose loading.
Why is palisade mesophyll near the leaf top?: To absorb maximum light for photosynthesis (chloroplast-rich).
Function of spongy mesophyll?: Air spaces allow gas diffusion to/from cells.
Function of stomata and guard cells?: Guard cells control stomata opening, regulating gas exchange/water loss.
How does small leaf size help in dry climates?: Reduces surface area for transpiration, lowering water loss.
Function of a thick waxy cuticle?: Reduces evaporation directly through the epidermis.
How do fewer/sunken stomata help in dry conditions?: Reduces water vapour loss while allowing some gas exchange.